Mobile networks

GSM Mobile networks consist of mobile stations, base stations, communication links, switching center(s) and network databases which can be linked to other systems and networks as you can see in the schema below:

A mobile network is composed by the following parts:

MS - Mobile Station BTS - Base Station BSC - Base station Controller BSS - Base station subsystem

MSC - Mobile Switching Center VLR - Visitor Location Register LA - Local Area BSSAP - BSS Aplication Part protocol

HLR - Home Location Visitor AuC - Authentication Center GSMC - Gateway Mobile Switching Center PSTN - Public Switched Telephony Network EIR - Equipment Identity Register Um, Abis,A-G-interfaces between the various components of the network MAP B-G Subsets of Mobile Application Part Protocol ISUP - ISDN User Part Protocol NSS - Network and Switching Subsystem

Mobile Station (MS):

• the mobile equipment (Ex: phone)
• the SIM (Subscriber identity Module) card that uniquely identified the card by the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity).

The base station subsystem (BSS):

• base station (BTS) - it defines a cell in the network
• base station controller (BSC) - controls a group of BTSs. Does handoffs, frequency hoppings, exchange functions and power control over each managed BTS

The network and switching subsystem(NSS)

• Home location register (HLR)
  • holds all subscribers in a network.
  • keeps subscriber specific information like MSISDN, IMSI, current location of the MS, roaming restrictions, additional features.
  • there is only one HLR per network
• Authentication Center (AuC)
  • handles the authentications and encryption in a network.
  • it is typically located with the HLR
• Equipment inquiry register (EIR)
  • tracks of handsets on the network using the International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI).
  • there is only one EIR per network.
  • It is composed of three lists. The white list, the gray list, and the black list.
• Mobile switching center (MSC)
  • handles call routing, call setup, and basic switching functions.
  • does inter BSC handoffs and coordinates inter MSC handoffs
• Gateway Mobile Switching Center (GMSC)
  • type of MSC that is a gateway between two networks
  • is is used when sending a call from a subscriber to the PSTN
• Visitor location register (VLR)
  • is associated a local area(LA).
  • Keeps information similar to the one in the HLR for the users in it's current local area

The Operation and Support Subsystem

Connects the components between the NSS and the BSC, in order to control and monitor the GSM system. It is also in charge of controlling the traffic load of the BSS.

Interfaces

As seen in the above schema the components communicate on various interfaces.

Interface A uses BSSAP while interfaces B-G use various MAP subsets.The GMSC sends the calls to PSTN using ISUP

For more informations about the the interfaces and the protocol operating at each layer please see:

http://www.ss7-training.net/sigtran-training/ch12lev1sec2.html

References and links with additional information

http://www0.cs.ucl.ac.uk/staff/t.pagtzis/wireless/gsm/arch.html

http://gsmfordummies.com/architecture/arch.shtml

http://www.ss7-training.net/sigtran-training/ch12lev1sec1.html